What Can You Do to Avoid a Possible Head-on Collision

Traffic collision blazon

Head-on collision with two cars involved

Standard wrong-way sign package used on all freeway off-ramps in the state of California to prevent head-on collisions.^[ane]

A head-on collision is a traffic standoff where the front ends of 2 vehicles such as cars, trains, ships or planes hit each other when travelling in opposite directions, as opposed to a side standoff or rear-stop collision.

Rail transport [edit]

A part of a R. R. Reck (Wreck) on the Houston and Sreaves Poart (Shreaveport) R. R. viii Miles Northward of Lufkin, Texas Feb 27, 1895.^[2]

With railways, a head-on collision occurs most often on a single line railway. This usually means that at least i of the trains has passed a signal at danger, or that a signalman has made a major error. Head-on collisions may also occur at junctions, for similar reasons. In the early days of railroading in the Usa, such collisions were quite common and gave to the ascent of the term "Cornfield Come across".^[three] As fourth dimension progressed and signalling became more than standardized, such accidents became less frequent. Even so, the term even so sees some usage in the industry. The origins of the term are not well known, merely it is attributed to accidents happening in rural America where farming and cornfields were mutual. The first known usage of the term was in the mid-19th century.

The altitude required for a train to end is usually greater than the distance that can be seen before the next blind curve, which is why signals and safeworking systems are and so important.

Listing of collisions [edit]

Note: if the collision occurs at a station or junction, or trains are travelling in the same direction, and so the collision is not a pure head-on collision

Date	Name	Location	Cause	Deaths	Injuries
September 10, 1874	Thorpe rail accident	Thorpe St Andrew, Norfolk, England	Unmarried-line telegraphic working error	25	75
August 7, 1876	Radstock rail blow	Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, England	Single-line telegraphic working error	15
September 24, 1904	New Market train wreck	New Market, Tennessee, U.s.a.	Engineer error	56 - 113	106
July nine, 1918	Peachy Railroad train Wreck of 1918	Nashville, Tennessee, The states	Human fault	101	171
January 26, 1921	Abermule railroad train standoff	Abermule, Montgomeryshire, Wales	Unmarried-line token error	17	36
October 20, 1957	Yarımburgaz railroad train disaster	Yarımburgaz, Küçükçekmece, İstanbul	Assuasive ii trains into same occupied block section past signalmen	95	150
November 16, 1960	Stéblová train disaster	Stéblová, Czechoslovakia	Collision	118	110
February 7, 1969	Violet Town rail accident	Violet Town, Victoria, Australia	Driver heart assail	ix	117
May 27, 1971	Dahlerau train disaster	Dahlerau, Radevormwald, W Germany	Not determined	46	25
May four, 1976	Schiedam train disaster	Near Schiedam, Netherlands	Error by the chief conductor and the driver of Stoptrein 4116, lack of ATB	24
August 28, 1979	Nijmegen train collision	Between Wijchen and Nijmegen, Netherlands		8	36
July 25, 1980	Winsum train collision	Winsum, Groningen	Head-on-collision	9	21
September 11, 1985	Moimenta-Alcafache train crash	Mangualde, Portugal	Standoff	49
February eight, 1986	Hinton railroad train collision	Dalehurst, Alberta, Canada	Locomotive engineer fatigue Usher error	23	71
February 17, 1986	Queronque rails accident	Limache, Marga Marga Province, Chile	Human error	58+	510
Oct 19, 1987	1987 Bintaro train crash	Bintaro, Tangerang, Indonesia	Man error	156	± 300
March 6, 1989	Glasgow Bellgrove runway crash	Bellgrove, Glasgow, Scotland	Betoken Passed At Danger	two
July 21, 1991	Newton (South Lanarkshire) rail accident	Newton, S Lanarkshire, Scotland	Betoken Passed At Danger, inadequate junction layout	iv	22
October xv, 1994	Cowden runway crash	Cowden railway station, Kent, England	Signal Passed At Danger	5	13
January fourteen, 1996	Hines Colina train collision	Hines Hill, Western Australia	Signal Passed At Danger	two
August 12, 1998	Suonenjoki rails standoff	Suonenjoki, Finland	Misinterpretation of signals, possible bespeak malfunction	0	26
Baronial 2, 1999	Gaisal train disaster	Gaisal, Uttar Dinajpur, W Bengal, Bharat	Human being mistake	285	>300
Oct 5, 1999	Ladbroke Grove rail crash	Ladbroke Grove, London, England	Betoken Passed At Danger	31	417
January iv, 2000	Åsta accident	Åsta, Åmot, Norway		xix
January 7, 2005	Crevalcore railroad train crash	Crevalcore, Italy
Oct 11, 2006	Zoufftgen train collision	Zoufftgen, Lorraine, France	Homo error	6	20
September 12, 2008	2008 Chatsworth railroad train collision	Los Angeles, California, U.s.	Bespeak Passed At Danger	25	135
February xv, 2010	Halle train collision	Buizingen, Halle, Belgium	Running of a red indicate	19	171
January 29, 2011	Hordorf railroad train standoff	Hordorf, Saxony-Anhalt, Frg		10	23
April 21, 2012	Sloterdijk train collision	Westerpark, Amsterdam, Netherlands	Suspected Signal Passed At Danger	one	116
Feb 9, 2016	Bad Aibling rail accident	Bad Aibling, Bavaria, Federal republic of germany	Signalman's mistake	12	85
July 12, 2016	Andria-Corato train collision	Andria, Apulia, Italy	Nether investigation; possible human error	23	54
Nov 15, 2017	Joo Koon rail accident	Joo Koon MRT station, Singapore	Software-related outcome	0	38

Sea transport [edit]

With shipping, at that place are two main factors influencing the chance of a caput-on standoff. Firstly, even with radar and radio, information technology is difficult to tell what course the opposing ships are following. Secondly, big ships take so much momentum that it is very hard to alter course at the terminal moment.

Road transport [edit]

Head-on collisions are an often fatal blazon of route traffic collision. The NHTSA defines a caput-on collision thusly:

Refers To A Collision Where The Front end End Of One Vehicle Collides With The Forepart Cease Of Some other Vehicle While The Two Vehicles Are Traveling In Reverse Directions.^[4]

In Canada, in 2017, 6,293 vehicles and viii,891 persons were involved in head-on collision, injuring v,222 persons and killing 377 other.^[v]

U.S. statistics show that in 2005, head-on crashes were only 2.0% of all crashes, yet accounted for ten.1% of U.S. fatal crashes. A mutual misconception is that this over-representation is because the relative velocity of vehicles travelling in contrary directions is high. While it is true (via Galilean relativity) that a head-on crash between 2 vehicles traveling at 50 mph is equivalent to a moving vehicle running into a stationary one at 100 mph, it is clear from bones Newtonian Physics that if the stationary vehicle is replaced with a solid wall or other stationary about-immovable object such equally a bridge abutment, so the equivalent collision is 1 in which the moving vehicle is merely traveling at l mph.,^[6] except for the case of a lighter car colliding with a heavier one. The television show MythBusters performed a demonstration of this effect in a 2010 show.^[7]

In France, in the years 2022 and 2018, 2563 and 2556 head-on collisions (collision frontales) outside congenital-upwardly expanse outside motorways killed 536 and 545 people respectively.^[8] They represent well-nigh sixteen% of all the fatalities including the ones on motorways and within congenital-upward area.

In Quebéc, head-on collisions are involved in viii% of work-related problems, but this figure rises to 23% when the vehicles involved are in a rural zone where the maximum speed is greater than seventy km/h (43 mph).^[9]

2+1 road with cable barrier, on the European route E20 almost Skara, Sweden. The first median bulwark installed in 1998 on a ii+1 road helped to avert many head-on collisions^[10]

Caput-on collisions, sideswipes, and run-off-road crashes all belong to a category of crashes called lane-deviation or route-departure crashes. This is because they have similar causes, if different consequences. The driver of a vehicle fails to stay centered in their lane, and either leaves the roadway, or crosses the centerline, possibly resulting in a caput-on or sideswipe collision, or, if the vehicle avoids oncoming traffic, a run-off-route crash on the far side of the road.

Preventive measures include traffic signs and route surface markings to help guide drivers through curves, equally well every bit separating opposing lanes of traffic with wide central reservation (or median) and median barriers to foreclose crossover incidents. Median barriers are physical barriers betwixt the lanes of traffic, such every bit physical barriers or cablevision barriers. These are actually roadside hazards in their own right, just on loftier speed roads, the severity of a collision with a median barrier is usually lower than the severity of a head-on crash.

The European Route Cess Program'southward Road Protection Score (RPS ^{[ permanent dead link ]} ) is based on a schedule of detailed road pattern elements that correspond to each of the 4 main crash types, including caput-on collisions. The Head-on Crash chemical element of the RPS measures how well traffic lanes are separated. Motorways generally have crash protection features in harmony with the loftier speeds allowed. The Star Rating results show that motorways generally score well with a typical 4-star rating fifty-fifty though their permitted speeds are the highest on the network. But results from Star Rating research in Britain, Germany, holland and Sweden take shown that at that place is a pressing need to find better median (key reservation), run-off and junction protection at reasonable cost on single carriageway roads.

Some other form of caput-on crash is the wrong-way entry crash, where a commuter on a surface road turns onto an off-ramp from a motorway or expressway, instead of the on-ramp. They can also happen on divided arterials if a driver turns into the incorrect side of the road. Considerable importance is placed on designing ramp terminals and intersections to prevent these incidents. This often takes to form of special signage at throughway off-ramps to discourage drivers from going the incorrect fashion. Department 2B.41 of the Transmission on Uniform Traffic Control Devices describes how such signs should exist placed on American highways.

Neither vehicle in a head-on standoff need exist a "car"; the Puisseguin road crash was between a truck and a coach.

Sideswipe collisions [edit]

Sideswipe collisions are where the sides of ii vehicles travelling in the same or reverse directions touch. They differ from head-on collisions only in that one vehicle impacts the side of the other vehicle rather than the front. Severity is usually lower than a head-on collision, since it tends to exist a glancing blow rather than a straight impact. However, loss of control of either vehicle can have unpredictable effects and secondary crashes can dramatically increase the expected crash severity.

Run into too [edit]

• Collision
• Lists of rail accidents
• Road collision types
• Train wreck

References [edit]

1. ^ California Section of Transportation (2014). California Manual on Compatible Traffic Control Devices (Section 2B.41). Sacramento: Country of California. pp. 162–165. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
2. ^ Railroad Gazette April 5, 1895 p.214
3. ^ Railroad train wrecks; a pictorial history of accidents on the main line, by Robert C. Reed. Ch. 5 "Head-On Collisions
4. ^ "FARS Encyclopedia: Help - Terms".
5. ^ http://wwwapps2.tc.gc.ca/Saf-Sec-Sur/7/NCDB-BNDC/p.aspx?i=1157&l=en#o18
6. ^ "PhysicsLab: Caput-on Collisions two". Retrieved 9 May 2012.
7. ^ "MythBusters: Mythssion Control – Head-on Standoff Experiment". Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved half-dozen May 2010.
8. ^ ONISR source
9. ^ https://medias.irsst.qc.ca/videos/1403_ps_cr_HD_0099-4460_fr_pdf.pdf^{[ blank URL PDF ]}
10. ^ https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/20151210_1_sweden.pdf^{[ bare URL PDF ]}

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-on_collision

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